The remains of the Francis Scott Key Bridge after a collision with a malfunctioning cargo ship on March 26. (Photo source: Corey Jennings '10, Maryland Comptroller/Flickr)

Examining the environmental impacts of the collapse 

The ship that collided into the bridge was carrying 56 containers of hazardous materials, including corrosives, flammables, and lithium-ion batteries. The cargo ship was also carrying more than one million gallons of fuel at the time of the impact. City officials began their investigations into the incident, which included determining the environmental impacts to the Patapsco River and surrounding communities. 

Upal Ghosh, professor of chemical, biochemical, and environmental engineering, whose research includes examining the effects of toxic pollutants in soils, sediments, and aquatic environments, was among the experts who weighed in on assessing the potentially hazardous effects of the containers that were resting at the bottom of the river. 

Maryland Comptroller Brooke Lierman and representatives of the Office of the Governor take a tour of the Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse site on a Maryland Department of Natural Resources police boat. (Photo source: Corey Jennings ’10, Maryland Comptroller/Flickr)

Ghosh told the Baltimore Sun days after the collapse that environmental officials’ first priority would likely be making sure none of the intact containers were breached.

“If you have containers that contain oily material, those things will, if they are breached, be releasing over time,” Ghosh said. “I would think if there is a release that goes down into the sediments under the water, it would be a local impact right there.” 

Farah Nibbs, assistant professor of emergency and disaster health systems, is also thinking about future ways to contain the effects of similar disasters. Contributing factors to the bridge’s collapse, she says, can be tied to the 2012 expansion and modernization of the Port of Baltimore. Those changes did not happen hand in hand with improvements in safety management needed to accommodate ships of such huge sizes that now were able to port in the city. Risks from collisions, fuel spills, and contamination still lack proper oversight and regulation.

“A novel approach for decision-makers may be to view Maryland’s emergency management and transportation experts and service providers—as well as the physical bridge infrastructure itself—as part of the community’s lifeline systems,” said Nibbs. 

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Read the full article: Infrastructure Of Support After Key Bridge Collapse - UMBC: University Of Maryland, Baltimore County

Congratulations Dr. Gautom Das on the successful promotion to the rank of Senior Lecturer!

Two students working with Dr. Lee Blaney, professor in chemical, biochemical and environmental engineering, participated in the student poster competition at the 2024 Chesapeake American Water Work Association and Chesapeake Water Environment Association (CSAWWA/CWEA) Joint Spring Meeting in Perryville, MD in May. 

The students received the top two awards in the poster presentation competition. 

First Place -- Sahar Souizi, environmental engineering doctoral student

Second Place -- Margaret Siao,’23 chemical engineering biotechnology and bioengineering track, chemical and biochemical engineering master’s student and an ICARE fellow. 

Sahar Souizi 

Poster Title: Sustainable and rapid nutrient recovery by advanced Donnan dialysis reactors.

Authors: Sahar Souizi, An Hong Dang, Hui Chen, Lee Blaney

Abstract: Donnan dialysis leverages electrochemical potential gradients across ion-exchange membranes to selectively separate nutrients from wastewater. This project aimed to improve the rate of nutrient recovery and scale-up potential through development of novel Donnan dialysis reactors.

A batch-recycle system was used to evaluate the impacts of mixing, flow rate, and waste-to-draw solution volume ratio. With the optimal conditions, 90% orthophosphate recovery was achieved, and nutrient flux was increased by 30%. These results informed development of modular, tube- in-tube Donnan dialysis reactors, which enabled rapid nutrient recovery as struvite. These results support the role of Donnan dialysis systems to achieve circular nutrient economies.

Margaret Siao

Poster title: Influence of water quality on PFAS uptake by ion-exchange membrane-based passive samplers.

Authors: Margaret Siao, Donya Hamidi, Alvin Bett, Ke He, Lee Blaney

Abstract: Recently, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were regulated in drinking water. Many monitoring studies have reported variable PFAS concentrations in water resources. To inform the long-term, average PFAS levels, we developed and validated the performance of a novel passive sampling device comprised of anion-exchange membranes. Impacts of solution pH, salinity, and dissolved organic matter were evaluated for over 20 PFAS. Equilibrium PFAS and chloride concentrations were measured in the water and membrane phases and used to calculate selectivity coefficients. Trends between selectivity coefficients and PFAS properties enabled generation of a universal calibration for passive sampler deployment in different water sources.

We are excited to share the astounding success of multiple CBEE teams who competed in intellectual competitions at the AIChE 2024 Mid-Atlantic Student Conference April 6-7, 2024 at UMBC. 

UMBC teams, consisting of chemical engineering majors,placed first place in both the ChemE Jeopardy and Chem-E-Car competitions. Thus, both teams earned a spot in the national competition at the 2024 AIChE Annual Meeting in San Diego, CA in October. 

ChemE Jeopardy 

ChemE Jeopardy is a trivia competition that utilizes questions from Chemical Engineering undergraduate coursework. Teams compete at regional competitions to earn a spot in the national competition held during AIChE’s annual meeting.

Two UMBC teams competed at the AIChE 2024 Mid-Atlantic Student Conference. UMBC Team #1 won first place in the competition. With the first place in by UMBC Team #1, UMBC will compete in the National ChemE Jeopardy competition for the fifth year in a row. 

UMBC Team #2 made it to the semifinals but narrowly missed a spot in the final by 100 points. We are so proud of Team #2 strong showing during their first competition together. 

UMBC Team # 1: 

• Ethan Banks, chemical engineering, traditional track ‘24
• Colin Jones (Jeopardy Chair), chemical engineering, biotechnology and bioengineering track ‘25
• Paul Loberg - chemical engineering, biotechnology and bioengineering track ‘24
• Pavan Umashankar chemical engineering, biotechnology and bioengineering track ‘25

UMBC Team #2:

• Jacob Craft, chemical engineering, environmental engineering track
• Joshua Lewis, chemical engineering, biotechnology and bioengineering track
• Dylan Hildt, chemical engineering, traditional track
• Jonathan Wu, chemical engineering, traditional track

Chem-E-Car

Chem-E-Car is a design and construction competition where teams develop small-scale automobiles that operate by chemical means, along with a poster describing their research. Each aspect of the competition is judged and awarded separately. During the poster presentations the team members explain the chemical engineering principles behind the design and the construction of the team’s car with the use of visualization on the poster. During the competition, teams must drive their car a fixed distance. One hour prior to the beginning of the first run, teams are informed of the specific distance and the payload for the competition. Each team is given two runs for their car. The teams are judged based on the closest to the finish line. 

UMBC’s Chem-E-Car team, VoltsMaxxing, won the Chem-E-Car competition and placed 3rd in the poster presentations. During the Chem-E-Car competition the team’s car stopped 1.3 m away from the target distance of 24.8 m. This is UMBC’s first Chem-E-Car win and only the second year UMBC competed in Chem-E-Car. 

VoltsMaxxing team members: 

• Afrah Ahmed, chemical engineering
• Jacob Craft, chemical engineering, environmental engineering track
• Michael Dinan, environmental engineering 
• Dylan Hildt, chemical engineering, traditional track
• Danny Miranda, chemical engineering, traditional track 
• David Ni, chemical engineering, traditional track
• Jemma Przybocki, chemical engineering, biotechnology and bioengineering track
• Ben Welling (Chem-E-car Captain), chemical engineering, environmental engineering track 
• Jonathan Wu chemical engineering, traditional track

In addition to the amazing achievements of our students, we must also acknowledge the efforts of Dr. Neha Raikar, who worked closely with the teams in preparation for the competitions. 

CBEE IN THE NEWS: 

Chesapeake Quarterly‘s Complicated Contaminants: Finding PFAS in the Chesapeake Bay,  Volume 23, Number 1 | May 2024

EXCERPT FROM: Strong, Sticky, and Tricky to Measure

By Madeleine Jepsen | April 25, 2024

….

A Breakdown of the Chemicals that Don’t Break Down 

The namesake chemical bond found in all PFAS—a fluorine atom bonded to a carbon atom—is one of the strongest organic bonds found in nature. The strength of this bond is the main reason why PFAS can linger in the water or soil and make their way into fish tissue—and into the birds or humans eating those fish.

Although plants like marigolds can produce toxic pesticides naturally as a defense mechanism against deer and other predators, there’s a natural pathway for these molecules to break down. Then, the molecule’s components can be reassembled and recycled for other uses.

“All of these chemicals that are produced in nature have a pathway of recycling where the carbon goes back to carbon dioxide, the hydrogen and oxygen goes back to water, and then something else reproduces those chemicals from the basic elements,” says Upal Ghosh, a professor of chemical and environmental engineering at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County.

Unlike other human-introduced contaminants in the environment, such as hydrophobic PCBs that only accumulate in fish fat, many of the common PFAS also have components that allow them to interact with both water and fats. 

PFAS with eight or more carbon atoms linked together to form a molecular “tail” have been found to accumulate in fish and humans more readily and can interfere with human health. There are two main components of these longer PFAS—the molecule’s “head” with the carbon-fluorine bond that can interact with water, and the chain of carbons that form the “tail.” Combined, these traits allow PFAS to move through soils and waterways into organisms without breaking down.

In this way, PFAS are almost like a strong magnet, with two sides that each have opposite pulls. This allows PFAS to interact with a wider variety of molecules in fish and humans—in particular, proteins and blood. Unlike most pesticides, whose shapes are designed to bind to specific proteins and inhibit specific functions, PFAS can bind to many proteins.

…. 

Passive Sampling Provides a Panoramic Picture of PFAS

To get a more holistic sense of the average PFAS concentrations in a water body over time, environmental engineer Lee Blaney and his laboratory are developing passive samplers. These circular devices remain in the water for a longer stretch of time. As the samplers remain in the water, they record PFAS concentrations in the water that reflect a longer stretch of time: a panorama compared to the one-time snapshot of a grab sample.

The ion-exchange membranes Blaney’s team uses contain positive charges that are anchored to a membrane on the device. Initially, the fixed positive charges in the membrane contain chloride, an ion commonly found in Bay water. When the passive sampler is set in the water, PFAS molecules with a higher affinity for the positively charged sites replace chloride and bind to the membrane. This same ion-exchange chemistry is employed in some filters to treat PFAS-impacted drinking water.

Back in the lab, researchers use the corresponding chemical reactions to release PFAS from the sampler, measure PFAS levels, and back-calculate the PFAS concentrations in the water body where the sampler was deployed.

Part of the challenge is developing passive samplers that accumulate all PFAS of concern. Short-chain PFAS don’t have the same affinity for conventional passive samplers that work well to capture long-chain PFAS. Blaney and his lab are testing new ion-exchange membranes that improve uptake of short-chain PFAS, so that their concentrations in water bodies can be more accurately and sensitively measured. 

To develop additional compounds that can catch PFAS in passive samplers, Upal Ghosh has taken another chemical engineering approach. Ghosh has used molecules that are known to bind to PFAS in organisms, like components of pig blood, isolated these compounds, and used them to bind PFAS in passive samplers.

While passive samplers provide researchers with a better understanding of overall PFAS levels in a water body, they aren’t perfect. They require calibration, since the researchers calculate the concentrations of PFAS in the water based on chemical reaction rates of PFAS binding to the passive sampler, which depend on temperature, flow, pH, and salinity of the water.

Passive samplers can also smooth out “spikes” in PFAS levels, meaning the peaks in PFAS levels that are recorded by the sampler are not as large as the true peak level in the water body. Still, Lee says, passive samplers have a higher chance of capturing a spike in PFAS levels than a one-off grab sample because of their longer timeframe in the water.

….

Back in the Lab

Not all labs are equipped to process PFAS samples—and those that can have undergone rigorous review to ensure that any PFAS they detect are coming from the samples they process, and not residual PFAS from the equipment they’re using.

The “gold standard” of analysis used by federal agencies, commercial labs, and most academic labs for detecting and identifying PFAS is liquid chromatography paired with tandem mass spectrometry. These two analytical methods combined, often referred to as LC-MS/MS, allow researchers to separate out the different molecular components of a sample, and then analyze the mass of a particular molecule to determine its chemical structure and quantity in the sample.

Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry allows researchers to measure how much of a particular PFAS is in a sample, even in very small quantities. To identify and distinguish different compounds, researchers compare their samples against standards with pure, known quantities of specific PFAS. Researchers can also use these standards to compare against an unknown sample to determine the exact concentrations of PFAS in field samples. This method can be useful for researchers like Blaney, who needs to identify the different types of PFAS present in a sample.

“One of the things I'm really interested in is sampling from places where you don't expect to find contaminants, because maybe there's something there that we're missing,” Blaney says.

A limiting factor in PFAS analysis is that there are thousands of variations of PFAS, but standards for only about 200 specific compounds. Although these standards include many of the PFAS that are known to affect human health, additional standards could help researchers gain a more holistic understanding of the compounds circulating in the water or sediment. Researchers can run the standards through their own instruments so they know exactly how each PFAS would appear in the readouts, adding additional certainty to their measurements.

For even more refined analysis, some researchers like Carrie McDonough, an assistant professor of chemistry at Carnegie Mellon University, turn to another spectrometry method called high-resolution mass spectrometry. This method allows researchers to differentiate between molecules with similar masses, and can help to identify compounds that don’t have analytical standards, like many types of PFAS. Similar to how a microscope at higher resolution allows researchers to get a more in-depth view, high-resolution mass spectrometry gives researchers more refined peaks from their samples. The refined analysis also allows researchers to work toward identifying unknown PFAS without a standard.

Through new field sampling methods like passive sampling and detailed laboratory analysis, researchers are gaining a better understanding of PFAS in the Bay. With these technological developments, PFAS are steadily becoming less tricky to measure.

Read full article

Photo Credit: Chesapeake Quarterly Cover photo by Jay Fleming

Post from: UMBC News

Lee Blaney awarded funding to develop new ways to remove “forever chemicals” from water

By: Catherine Meyers | Published: May 16, 2024 

Professor Lee Blaney, in the Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, received $750,000 in funding from the Department of Defense’s Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) to develop new ways to remove substances dubbed “forever chemicals” from water.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, or PFAS, are used in products ranging from cleaning products and clothing to fire-fighting foam. They earned the nickname “forever chemicals” because of the way they persist in the environment. PFAS have been linked to decreased fertility in women, developmental effects in children, reduced immune function, and increased risk of cancer and obesity. The Environmental Protection Agency recently announced limitations on the amount of certain PFAS in drinking water. 

Current technology such as activated carbon and anion-exchange resins can effectively remove the most common PFAS found in water, but do not perform well at removing short- and ultrashort-chain PFAS (which have fewer than eight carbon atoms in their chemical structure.)

The award from SERDP will fund Blaney’s work to develop materials called adsorbents specifically designed for treatment of these short-chain PFAS. Blaney’s colleagues on the project include Ke He, Ph.D. ’17, chemical and biochemical engineering, an assistant research scientist at UMBC, Wenqing Xu, an associate professor in civil and environmental engineering at Villanova University, and Jessica Ray, an assistant professor in civil and environmental engineering at the University of Washington.

Photo Credit: Lee Blaney (Marlayna Demond '11/UMBC)

Excerpt from UMBC News:

From solar energy harvesting to advanced batteries: Cohort of new engineering faculty bolster UMBC’s commitment to Earth-friendly research

By: Catherine Meyers | Published: May 10, 2024 

This April 22, as the campus community celebrated Earth Day, the feel of spring’s natural reawakening was in the air. Birds chirped from newly leafed trees and students strolled in the bright sunshine. But the pleasant day belied a concerning trend: In Maryland and beyond, the balance of Earth’s life-supporting systems is shifting, driven in large part by the heat-trapping greenhouse gasses we humans send into the atmosphere. The Earth is getting hotter; weather patterns are changing; and ecosystems are under stress. 

“Climate change is pressing us to adopt a more Earth-friendly lifestyle, to develop renewable energy,” says Dr. Özgür Çapraz, an associate professor in the department of chemical, biochemical, and environmental engineering at UMBC, who studies advanced battery technologies. Çapraz, who joined UMBC in fall 2023 from a faculty position at Oklahoma State University, was one of three recent faculty hires in the College of Engineering and Information Technology (COEIT) who all specialize in different aspects of sustainability and renewable energy-related research. 

The three hires were part of a COEIT effort to build off recognized strength in the environmental domain, while expanding expertise in important areas such as energy, says Lee Blaney, a professor in the department of chemical, biochemical, and environmental engineering who chaired the search.

Read full article

PHOTO CREDIT: From left to right, Özgür Çapraz, Rajasekhar Anguluri, and Alok Ghanekar. (Marlayna Demond ’11/UMBC)

Congratulations to Dr. Lee Blaney, professor of chemical, biochemical, and environmental engineering for Marilyn E. Demorest Award for Faculty Advancement at annual Presidential Faculty and Staff Awards.

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Congratulations to Dr. Lee Blaney and his team!

Dr. Lee Blaney, professor of chemical, biochemical, and environmental engineering, received funding for his project titled “Novel functionalization of conventional sorbents for enhanced selectivity and improved concentration of ultrashort- and short-chain PFAS” from the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) and Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP). This project is part of the FY 2024 solicitations for SERDP and ESTCP. This project is a collaboration with Dr. Ke He (UMBC), Dr. Wenqing Xu (Villanova University), and Dr. Jessica Ray (University of Washington).

Project Title: Novel functionalization of conventional sorbents for enhanced selectivity and

improved concentration of ultrashort- and short-chain PFAS

Lead Principal Investigator: Lee Blaney

Objective: The overall goal of this project is to improve commercially available adsorbents, such as

anion-exchange resins and granular activity carbon, through specific surface chemistry modifications that enhance the capacity and selectivity for 18 ultrashort- and short-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). In particular, we will develop (i) hybrid anion-exchange (HAIX) resins, (ii) metal oxide-biochar composites, and (iii) multi-PFAS templated molecularly imprinted polymers on granular activated carbon (mMIP@GAC) adsorbents. These novel materials will be developed, characterized, and evaluated for adsorption, desorption, and performance in PFAS-impacted waters collected from DoD facilities.

Technical Approach: The proposed HAIX, metal oxide-biochar, and mMIP@GAC adsorbents represent paradigm shifts that will improve our ability to remove ultrashort- and short-chain PFAS from impacted waters. We have identified 18 ultrashort- and short-chain PFAS as targets, but additional chemicals of concern will be considered during the project period. The project objective will be achieved through (i) materials development and characterization, (ii) batch adsorption tests to identify isotherm parameters, determine the impacts of water quality parameters, and measure mass transport properties, (iii) batch regeneration tests to optimize not only PFAS desorption, but also PFAS destruction in downstream processes, and (iv) column tests to demonstrate the performance of the proposed materials in at least six real waters collected from DoD facilities, extend treatment capacity compared to the base materials, and measure design parameters needed for future scale-up efforts.

Benefits: The expected outcomes of this work include (i) improved capabilities for the removal and concentration of ultrashort- and short-chain PFAS in ex situ water treatment processes or remediation operations, (ii) better understanding of the fundamental adsorption-desorption behavior of PFAS with innovative adsorbents designed for treatment of PFAS that are poorly adsorbed by conventional materials and (iii) enhanced regeneration protocols that are amenable to downstream PFAS destruction. As all three adsorbent classes build upon commercially available materials, we are confident in the feasibility of technology transfer and timely implementation at DoD facilities. The main benefit to DoD stems from the improved removal of ultrashort- and short-chain PFAS in fixed-bed adsorption reactors. This outcome is important because the targeted compounds, represent a liability for future regulatory requirements based on total PFAS mass concentrations.

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